The Life Cycle Of Physarum Polycephalum

The Life Cycle Of Physarum Polycephalum In this practical, the life cycle of Physarum polycephalum is being studied. Slime Moulds refers to a wide range of several groups of different and controversial classifications. They have certain characteristics similar to those of animals, plants and fungi. Slimed moulds live in dark, moist habitats where there is abundance of food. They eat bacteria, protozoans, yeasts, fungi, decaying organic materials, and other microorganisms. They are mostly found in forests and lawns, under rotting logs and leaves. Cellular slime moulds live in moist soil or manure. Both types of the slime moulds move across their habitats using amoeboid movement, ingesting food by the process of phagocytosis, a form of endocytosis. Slime moulds may also use chemotaxis, following the chemical gradient given off by their food sources, to find food. Chemotaxis is used by cellular slime moulds when they aggregate. The cellular and plasmodial slime moulds have a motile phase when growth and ingestion of food occurs and an immotile reproductive phase, and they differ mainly in the motile phase. Plasmodial slime moulds begin as gamete cells that are either flagellated or amoeboid that fuses together and forms a zygote. The zygotes nucleus divides, but no cell walls form, resulting in a single celled multinucleate plasmodium that grows as the organism feeds and the nuclei continues to divide. The plasmodium moves in amoeboid fashion using cytoplasmic streaming in order to find favourable conditions and food, and may move several feet in a single day. The plasmodium continues to feed along as conditions are good, but when food runs short or its habitat becomes to dry, the plasmodium changes into a fruiting body, the next phrase in its life cycle it hardens and produces stalked sporangia that contain spores, often after moving to a drier or better lit location. The spores are released and will devel op into gametes to begin the life cycle again. There are four main stages in slime moulds which are vegative, aggregation, migration and culmination. In the vegetative stage, a slime mould is single and is known as amoeba and this will eat bacteria. In this case of this practical, the bacterium fed to the slime mould is the Physarum polycephalum. After the food preferences of the single cell are partially completed or most of the food preferences are completed, the slime mould will moved to its next stage of the life cycle which is known as the aggregation cycle. In this stage, a slime mould will reproduce and secrete cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP will attract neighbouring cells together. As single celled slime moulds come into contact they will stick together through glycoprotein adhesion molecules. Once enough slime moulds have been attached to each other, they will move onto the next stage of the life cycle which is known as the migration stage. The multitude of slime moulds will form what is known as slugs. The slug is able to move towards heat and light. However, the cell in the slug will differentiate into two types of cell and they are both known as the prestalk and prespore cells. The prestalk cells will move towards the anterior end of the slug and the prespore cells will move towards the posterior end of the slug. The slug will then start to produce a fruiting body out of prestalk cells on the anterior end of the slug. However, it also starts to form spores out of prespore cells at the posterior end of the slug. This is when the posterior end of the slug will start to spread out as the anterior end of the slug starts to rise up into the air. This is when the last stage of the slime moulds cell cycle begins known as the culmination stage. The prestalk cells will form the base the form of the fruiting body. The pretalk cells form the cellulose stalk tube. The cellulose stalk tube pushes prespore cells to the top towards the fruiting body. This process will take around 8-10 hours and ends with a good fruiting body releasing mature spores that will become the single celled slime mould. The purpose of this practical is to examine the life cycle of the slime mould using the different food preferences. Each stage should be observed and recorded. This practical will force the slime moulds through each stage of the slime mould life cycle and a mature spores will be observed at the end of this practical. Method This practical started by preparing the petri dishes. This proportion of this procedure was done by the demonstrators. During this practical, I was provided with some phyrasum a genus of mycetozan slime moulds, and this was to investigate the different food preferences on chemotaxic behaviour. First of all I was provided with two agar plates one with water with no nutrient levels and the other second agar plate with corn meal agar with low nutrient levels. After the petri dishes were prepared, the next procedure was to inoculate the plates. The materials that I used for this procedure was an inoculated loop, and this was done by sterilising the loop over an open flame until the loop was red. Using the loop I removed a small piece of the slime mould with agar from the advancing margin (edge of the growth) and placed into the middle of the plate onto the two agar plates one with the water and one with the corn meal agar and streaked it onto the petri dishes. The water agar plate was the experimental where I had to put some food preferences; the corn meal agar plate was to be inoculated without any food to observe the cytoplasmic streaming for the following day. In the water agar plate, there was combination of food preferences including apple, chocolate, raising and jelly babies. I added one of each of the food and which was already cut and placed them in each of the corner near to the slime mould, and then both of the agar plates were incubated at 20oC for 12 hours, and they were observed using a dissecting microscope using the x40 magnification. Results Which food had the most growth and which type of food was most visible Different food choices Amount of growth chocolate Growth was quite visible was spreading Apple No growth at all not visible at all Raisin Big growth was spreading Jelly babies Big growth was spreading around the plate However there were not many results for this practical. Once the slime mould had food preferences containing a type of food source the cell together aggregated together to form a growth in the slime mould. In the plate with food sources there was a mixture of stalks with spores. However, in relation to this result Chocolate, Raisin, and jelly babies had the most growth and this was quite visible and was spreading around the plate and the growth was very visible and was being seen clearly. However, the majority of the agar plate with the food preferences in was covered in fruiting body as food preferences was placed all-round the plates and they were all spread out. This suggests that the food that had a high percentage of sugars the more growth it had, this has shown in my practical, however apple had the least growth as it mainly because it was sweeter than sugar and mainly its a fruit and dries up quickly and changes it colour so maybe thats the reason why it didnt show any growth at all. Discussion As both of the agar plates were incubated for 12 hours, and was at the temperature 20oC, the slime mould didnt develop through its life cycle as it was expected, which means it didnt achieve the purpose of my practical, as there were only growth near the food choices of chocolate and raisins, and only achieved the first stage of the life cycle, which was the vegetative stage. The vegetative stage was observed and recorded. The spores were quite visible on the petri dishes and they started to grow and eat the bacteria where the food preferences were placed. However, the observations shows us that the agar plate the corn plate without the food preferences added, the slime mould will aggregate together and move to the nearest food preferences that are available, so it can form a fruiting body, and create spores to hard and different environments. If unfavourable conditions had been a factor, the amoeba may have formed cysts rather than producing a fruiting body. However, the introduction of other factors on different plates of slime moulds may have possibly altered the differentiation of the growth of the slime mould. However, it is quite hard to tell since the slime mould was only kept for 12 hours and kept under room temperature and also kept on optimum conditions at all times.

Netflix – Essay

Identify key issues, problems and opportunities facing Nettles. It may be helpful to consider the fact that the Nettles business model evolved through many strategy revisions. What caused them to make each shift? Were the shifts driven from the top or bottom? Is this easier for a small or large company? The key issue that was facing Nettles early on was the selective market of people that were into the DVD market. Most were still with VS. market at this time and it gave them a small problem during start-up.But, with that changing market they new that consumers will soon turn to DVD's and leave behind their old technology of VS.. They also faced the problem of most Blockbuster being a 10 minute drive from at least 70% of U. S. Populated homes. This makes their whole sales pitch of people not having to leave their homes to rent movies even harder due to the number of available Blockbusters. With Nettles no late fee policy this made it easier for them to get more sales because Blockbust er charged late fees.Also, they came across the problem of half the movies they shipped were the new releases. This made under stocking when customers wanted them and overstocking when the movie was not new anymore. They fixed this problem by making the recommended movies for consumers because this expanded their horizons on other movies other then the new ones. They also had a distribution problem because they only had one distribution center. All these shifts were driven from the top. With the growing customers and profits they have learned what consumers wanted.They held surveys to find out what movie a customer wants and the movie recommendation system helped expand the nonuser's movie choices. They even got special packages and were tied into the USPS for their delivery services that got perfected over time. This Is easier for them as they became a large company and made deals and expanded with the profit and knowledge they had about customers from their surveys. (B) How did di sruptive versus incremental innovations play out in the Nettles versus Blockbuster story? Is VOID disruptive or incremental? What roll does diffusion of innovation and adopter categories play?Timing of entry? Disruptive Innovation played a role In the beginning and start-up for Nettles. When they first opened and should to the DVD population this was disruptive. From then on they made incremental innovations along the way from the video recommendations to the shipping services. These were smaller steps done from learning from customers and growing in popularity. Also, their growing profits made innovation easier and affordable for the company. VOID Is disruptive Innovation because It Is a totally new marketing approach by the company.VOID was not a spin off of there DVD rental service It was a totally new approach for the company to take. This would require for the company to have different marketing for VOID and a new concept of nothing through the mean, instead it's all online. Di ffusion of innovation came along when Nettles went into the VOID services. They were one of the innovators of this but shortly after they had many companies patting v I Nils mace It very competitive Ana Nora to De cutlets Decease other companies only did VOID and Nettles was not known for that service.Also, the time of entry for the other business was good because Nettles was not that successful introducing it to the market that when the competitors advertised they got more business then Nettles. (C) Using only the information provided in the case, evaluate alternative approaches to the current problem (VOID), and VOID had the problem of not being able to provide high quality video to the customer as do the cable companies. This problem is hard to fix because it will have to mean changing around Nettles servers to higher quality servers to stream movies n high-definition.Another problem they had was people can not play the movies on their TV but, instead only on their laptops or de sktops. The only was customers can play the movies on their TV's is if they buy either a ERG, S-Video, or HIDE cable so they can project the movie from the laptop to the TV. But, with this means that customers will have to go out and make a purchase to Just watch online movies on the TV. The solution to this problem would be is Nettles provided the cable needed to watch the movies from the computer to the TV for a low rental fee.As long as they have a Nettles VOID account they can pay a one time rental fee for a cable as long as they stay with the company. (D) Select the best alternative. Your choice should be supported by sound arguments and be realistic given the firm's resources. I feel that the best alternative for Nettles is to keep their rental services and also have the VOID services. I feel that both are very profitable services they can provide to customers. They have such a large customer base that they can pick up on shifts in the market.Nettles has been proven o make bot h incremental and disruptive innovation to help their company grow. Even my Android phone has Nettles on it that allows me to stream videos directly to my phone anywhere there is Wi-If. If the market turns to more VOID then Nettles will make that shift and turn their company into a VOID company. But, if it doesn't they still have their rental services for profit. Their rental services cost the most to up- keep because of all the workers and distributed facilities they need to keep up with the demand. VOID has a lot less running fees. They can greatly cut down on employees and facilities.

Describe why schools have policies and procedures Essay

Identify the main types of state and independent schools and describe the characteristics of different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance. The majority of state funded schools are maintained by local authorities and follow the national curriculum, national pay and conditions, they are overseen by local authority. The differences over state schools are who their staff, who owns the land and buildings and who controls admissions for example. Community schools are run by local authority and the local authorities employs the staff, owns the land and buildings and decide the admission policy. However, foundation and trust schools are run by the governing body but are maintained by local authority. They employ their own staff and decide their own admissions policy and the land and building are usually owned by the governing body or charity and is non-profitable. Both examples follow the national curriculum and the educational key stages. Key stage 1: 3-5 yrs Key stage 2: 5-7 yrs Key stage 3&4: 11-16 yrs Key stage 5: 16-18yrs Every state school has a governing body, the type and size of the school will decide the size of the governing body. The responsibilities vary for example community schools governing body consists of a specific number of governors for various categories, the following categories are parent governor, staff governor, authority governor and community governor. Foundation and trust schools usually decide their own governing body. Both have the role of monitoring schools process and setting targets. So basically they are both state school, but local authority runs community and foundation and run by governing body but maintained my LEA. Independent schools are not maintained by local authority or central government, they do not have to follow national curriculum but most choose to do so. The head and the governors decide on admission policies and staffing and the framework and structure of the school, they are obliged to register with the DfE so they can be monitored by ISI. They are profit  running schools and some have charitable status so they can apply for tax relief. Most independent schools educational stages are as follows: Prep school: 4-11yrs Senior school: 11-16yrs Sixth form: 16-18yrs The different types of independent schools are based on where the schools funding comes from for example. Parochial schools are mostly funded by religious groups and managed by the religious institution to which they belong. The schools are usually governed by interim executive board of governors where they have foundation governors which are appointed by the religion they are associated with. One of the main missions would be to teach the religion the school is associated with. Whereas proprietary or private career schools they are profit based schools and the schools directors are not ruled by the governing body if they choose to have a governing body. The main mission for these schools would be occupationally related education and market related. Whereas if proprietary school choose to have a governing body it is a limited system of governance, they are chosen by the governing body there and the proprietor with the proprietor having the final say in all matters.

Kate Spade Case - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 630 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Critical Issue: Which options should Kate Spade take? As the company has become bigger and its financial results were very strong, the team had begun to feel pressured to take the company next level. One of the team member felt that they were losing their control little by little since they had not ready for handling this issue yet. The team wanted to someone who was experienced and could manage developing team to next level. When Kate Spade was looking for some helps, Kate Spade was faced with offers from number of buyers, and what Kate Spade really needed was strategic help. In March 1998, the team had to think about four offers and decide which option the team should take for its company growth. Those four offers had important factors for Kate Spade to grown in the future. In order to make a decision there were three important factors which were really important to make their decision. Those were in Option A, B and C. Factors Option A: â€Å"No perfect person for CEO s lot† This investment bank offered company’s 40% of share on a post-money valuation $40millinon, and this company sounds great, and it had great ability to manage financial task. However, this company was not aggressive enough to grow Kate Spade in the future. Moreover, what Kate Spade really needed was the person who could help inside its company and take CEO slot. The person who was coming was not experienced enough in fashion industry or could not help Kate Spade to be a big brand. Option B: â€Å"different positioning† This company offered to buy 80% of Kate Spade in return for company stock. This company had a lot of department stores and specialty retail location in over 80 countries. If they made a contract, Kate Spade could use their useful resource. However, this company’s targeting market was not appropriate for Kate Spade. Their target price range was quite lower than Kate Spade was. Lowering the level of target was not the growing company should do and one of team member thought that this trade seemed look down on the team. Option C: â€Å"earn-out† This option offered to buy 100% of Kate Spade for $70 million. Plus this company owned three large manufacturing facilities around New York City, and had wide spread distributions. However, this deal consisted of 30% of in cash up front and an earn-out provision over the next three years for remaining 70%. This was not fair price for the team, because the team would be paid on the valuation only three years period even though that they would work really hard. This was not completely fair to the team. Solution In order to make decision, those three factors were very important for Kate Spade not to choose those three options. Those three factors were not appropriate for Kate Spade for growing to next level. The solution here is to take the option D, even though that there was put and call rights which the team member really disagreed it or Brosnahan felt uncomfort able to be in the huge company, there was a great chance to expand Kate Spade. Since this buyer was high-end specialty retailer and it operated its own department store in many states offering many kinds of product lines, it knew how to manage growing the company and already had customers. Kate Spade really needed to go up next level and this company had ability to Kate Spade to take next level, so this company had a perfect spot. Some of the ambiguous questions about this trade like how much control do they want, private label, design, or employee issue, the team can negotiate and discuss about those things with this company. This company had strategies to grow the business and make Kate Spade be a bigger brand. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Kate Spade Case" essay for you Create order

The Path Goal Theory Of Leadership - 751 Words

Wk4AssgnJLayman: Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Walden University Ph.D. Public Policy and Administration Introduction This is an introduction to the Path-Goal Leadership Questionnaire, introduced in Chapter 6 of the textbook â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Practice† by Peter Northouse, a set of questions, designed to measure a leader’s path-goal style of leadership, or their ability to assess and meet the needs of the follower (Northouse, 2016). Developed by House Mitchell (1975), the path-goal theory is built upon the expectancy theory of motivation, charging leaders with the duty of understanding the goals of the follower, and offering rewards in line with those goals (Northouse, 2016). The following is a brief summary of the resulting score of the questionnaire at the end of Chapter 6 of this textbook, and, a short assessment of the results. Path-Goal Leadership Questionnaire The Path-Goal Questionnaire measures a leader’s propensity toward a directive style of leadership, a supportive style of leadership, a participatory style of leadership or an achievement-oriented style of leadership. There are four unique path-goal leadership styles, each having its own set of behaviors. Directive Leadership Questions 1, 5, 9, 14 18 are representative of the directive style of leadership. With a score of 13, the lowest of all four categories, my results are considered very low in this category. The average score among responding participants is 23 in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Path Goal Theory Of Leadership1371 Words   |  6 PagesMGT-6204: Excellence in Org: Leadership 12/6/15 Michael Bernier Leadership Theory Analysis Path-Goal Theory of Leadership The Path-Goal Theory works well by first identify the goal. 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American History in the book White Devil Essay - 1233 Words

Brumwell, Stephen. White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America. Da Capo Press Inc. March, 2005. The book opens Nous sommes tours Sauvages, which translates to We are all Savages. Its a fitting way to begin a book chronicling the story of Major Robert Rogers and his rangers journey, Native American slaughter, and return home. In White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America, author Stephen Brumwell depicts a well researched, unbiased image of: war, hardship, courage, savagery, vengeance, and survival. Brumwell wants to show his readers an image of the true nature of war and all the trimmings that goes along with it. There has never been a war where atrocities†¦show more content†¦His long journey took him to Canada and to the village of St. Francis. The carnage at St. Francis deserves a brunt of the detail. It was now good marching ground and the men pressed on with celerity till on the 22nd day after their departure from Crown Point, one of them, by climbing a tree, discovered the village of St. Francis at three miles distance, whe n the party were ordered to halt and refresh themselves. At eight oclock in the evening, Major Rogers, Lieut. Turner and Ensign Avery left the company and went forward for the purpose of reconnoitering the place. They found the Indians engaged in a dance, evidently entertaining no apprehensions of an enemy in the vicinity. They returned about two oclock in the morning and at three oclock, Rogers advanced with the whole party, within three hundred yards of the village, where the men were lightened of their packs and formed for action. About an hour after this, the Indians broke up their dances and retired to their cabins for repose; and soon the whole village was asleep, the more oblivious from the weariness induced by their late diversion. About half an hour before dawn, the troops, having been arranged in three divisions for the purpose of making simultaneous attacks, in as many directions, were ordered to advance. Never was a place more completely surprised, nor in a condition les s capable of making any sort ofShow MoreRelated Baldwins view of Nation of Islam in Down on the Cross Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful organization during the 1960s. One of the Nation?s key goals was to create an independent Black America. It further preached about the White man as the devil, thus instilling faith within its followers that White society will be decimated, and Black society will prevail. Through these powerful messages, the Nation of Islam gave African-Americans a claim to divinity and created the notion of Black supremacy. 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Brown Vs Board Of Education Essay Research free essay sample

Brown Vs. Board Of Education Essay, Research Paper Brown vs. Board of Education Although bondage was eventually ended at the terminal of the 19th century black people found themselves still in the procedure of contending. What they had to contend for was their ain rights. The Emancipation Proclamation and the terminal of the civil war brought approximately actual freedom but the beliefs and attitudes of Whites, particularly in the south kept the black people repressed. In this paper I would wish to portion the research that I found that helped to establish the battle for freedom in every facet possible for black people and that is the instance of Brown vs. Board of instruction. This instance to topographic point in 1954 and helped to stop the segregation Torahs that withheld black and white schools being integrated. Before I begin the narrative of Linda Brown I would foremost wish to convey up the 1896 instance of Plessy vs. Ferguson. This instance arose from bitterness among the black and Creole occupants in New Orleans who felt it unneeded to pay the cost of separate autos. The bigger issue dealt with the conflict between the Louisiana legislative act of 1890 mandating that railway autos be separate but equal and the 14th amendment of the Constitution saying equality for all. Unfortunately most thought that the 14th amendment dealt with political equality non societal equality. This instance brought about the series of Jim Crow Torahs which fundamentally created two separate but purportedly equal societies. These Torahs were upheld until the Brown vs. Board of Education instance came through. Linda Brown was a 3rd grader in Topeka, Kansas that had to walk two stat mis a twenty-four hours to acquire to and from the black unintegrated school she attended. A white school was merely seven blocks off. Linda # 8217 ; s father Oliver Brown decided to seek and acquire his girl enrolled into the white school and was refused by the principal. Oliver Brown so decided to reach McKinley Burnett who was the caput of the Topeka subdivision of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) . This organisation was founded in 1909 by 60 black and white citizens. In 1910 they published Crisis, a magazine that covered accomplishments for inkinesss in the humanistic disciplines, concern and several other societal Fieldss. Most of the NAACP # 8217 ; s attempts where focused on anti-lynching Torahs and deriving civil rights for inkinesss without favoritism. When they heard of Oliver Brown # 8217 ; s job they were eager to assist. So in 1951 the NAACP requested an in junction that would criminalize the segregation of Topeka # 8217 ; s schools. Their defence was that non merely were the schools inherently equal, what with the conditions of the schools themselves, but besides that it was damaging to black kids # 8217 ; s instruction and hereafter to be populating with such segregation. Black kids must larn to tie in with white kids who are a big per centum of the population in order for their course of study non to be curtailed. The Board of Education # 8217 ; s defence was that black kids should larn in unintegrated schools because they lived in a unintegrated society and would for the remainder of their lives, hence learning them at a youn g age the manner society is will fix them for the hereafter. They besides argued that such inkinesss as Washington Carver and Frederick Douglas went to segregated schools and became great successes. The petition for the injunction left the tribunal with a hard determination to do. On the one manus they agreed that a sense of lower status affects the motive of a kid to larn but on the other manus no Supreme Court had overruled the opinion of the Plessy vs. Ferguson instance. Because of this the tribunal decided to govern in favour of The Board of Education. The NAACP appealed to the Supreme Court that same twelvemonth but this clip they had other instances that challenged segregation in South Carolina, Virginia and Delaware. The instance was foremost heard by the Supreme Court in 1952, but they could non come to any determination. It was retrying the undermentioned twelvemonth and the Court requested that both sides discuss the Fourteenth Amendment. This did small to assist the instance so the Court had to make up ones mind non if the Fourteenth Amendment writers had segregation in head when they penned the papers in 1868 but if segregation deprived black kids of equal protection . Finally on May 17, 1954 Chief Justice Earl Warren who was one of the most dynamic of Chief Justices because of his landmark determinations in the countries of civil rights and single autonomies for black peoples read the opinion. # 8220 ; We come so to the inquiry presented: Does segregation of kids in public schools entirely on the footing of race, even though the physical installations and other # 8220 ; touchable # 8221 ; factors may be equal, strip the kids of the minority group of equal instruction chances? We believe it does # 8230 ; We conclude that in the field of public instruction the philosophy of # 8216 ; separate but equal # 8217 ; has no topographic point. Separate educational installations are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the complainants and others likewise situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by ground of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the Torahs guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. # 8221 ; The Supreme Court overruled the finding of fact of the Plessy vs. Ferguson instance and ruled in favour of the NAACP. This required the integration of schools across America. This did non, nevertheless abolish segregation in other public installations such as eating houses and bathrooms. It besides did non stipulate when the integration of schools should take topographic point. What it did make was declare compulsory segregation that existed in 21 provinces as unconstitutional. I believe that the Supreme Court did do the right determination and that the NAACP brought up a good instance non merely in its unfairness politically but socially. Imagine life someplace where you knew that you could non portion with the bulk of the society and what sort of mental place that would set you in. I would experience absolutely hopeless and instruction would non be really of import to me because I may non be able to set my cognition towards good usage. I think that # 8217 ; s what most kids would hold felt like and that it would hold caused a batch more societal and economical jobs in their hereafter.